Year | definition | source |
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1964 | "..is ... the correct assessing of statements... a critical thinker is characterized by proficiency in judging whether: 1. A statement follows from the premises. 2. Something is an assumption. 3. An observation statement is reliable. 4. A simple generalization is warranted. 5. A hypothesis is warranted. 6. A theory is warranted. 7. An argument depends on an ambiguity. 8. A statement is overvague or overspecific. 9. An alleged authority is reliable." | Ennis, Robert H. (1964, p.599) |
1985 | "Making sense of our world by carefully examining our thinking and the thinking of others in order to clarify and improve our understanding." | Chaffee, John (1985, p.51) |
1989 | "... is a type of thinking in which we reflect, consider, and analyze when making decisions and solving problems. Based on careful reasoning, critical thinking is purposeful thinking guided by logic and supported by evidence. Critical thinking involves defining problems, identifying arguments, evaluating data, raising questions, and using in-formation to make sound judgments. " | Ennis, Robert H. (1989, p.182) |
1993 | " is a search for the social, historical, and political roots of conventional knowledge and an orientation to transform learning and society" | Benesch, Sarah (1993, p.248) |
1994 | " is a voice, a stance, a relationship with texts and authorities that is taught, both consciously and unconsciously, by family members, friends, teachers, the media, even the history of one's country." | Fox, Helen (1994, p.145) |
1996 | "... is reasonable reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do. The emphasis is on reasonableness, reflection, and the process of making decisions." | Ennis, Robert H. (1996, p.166) |
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reflective thinking | Shermis, S. Samuel (1999) |
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... whereas everyone seems to know what critical thinking is, very few people actually ever attempt to define it. This phenomenon is patent to anyone who has heard from parents, educators, or politicians on the topic. All the more int" | Atkinson, Dwight (1997, p.74) |