Year | definition | source |
---|---|---|
1984 | "ESP has as its basis an investigation of the purposes of the learner and the set of communicative needs arising from those purposes. These needs will then act as a guide to the design of course materials. The kind of English to be taught and the topics and themes through which it will be taught will be based on the interests and requirements of the learner. The skills to be taught may also be restricted." | Kennedy, Chris and Bolitho, Rod (1984, p.3) |
1987 | "... an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learner's reasons for learning." | Hutchinson, T. & Waters, A. (1987, p.19) |